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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*o"g (*o"k)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 mother 2 sisterface="Times New Roman Star"1 ìàòü 2 ñåñòðàface="Times New Roman Star"o"g (Orkh., OUygh.) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"o"ke, o"ge (dial.) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"o"ke (R.) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"uka, hu"ka" 2





















face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 99, ÝÑÒß 1, 519-520, Ëåêñèêà 300.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Vlagr/ynface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"pig, swineface="Times New Roman Star"ñâèíüÿface="Times New Roman Star"(y)lag|zyn (Orkh. - a cyclical sign), lag|zyn (OUygh.)



























face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 764.
face="Times New Roman Star"*o"mgenface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"upper part of breastface="Times New Roman Star"âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü ãðóäè
face="Times New Roman Star"o"mgen (MK)







face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|men







face="Times New Roman Star"o"mgo"k








face="Times New Roman Star"Äûáî 137-138, EDT 159, ÝÑÒß 1, 537, Ëåêñèêà 271.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gEmu"rgenface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"wild onion or garlicface="Times New Roman Star"äèêèé ëóê èëè ÷åñíîê
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"vu"rgen (MK), ko"mu"rgen (MK - Oghuz)face="Times New Roman Star"gu"mu"ren






face="Times New Roman Star"ko"b@rgen
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"bu"rgen



face="Times New Roman Star"ko"gu"ro"n (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"ko"girhenface="Times New Roman Star"ko"bu"rgo"n



face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mu"ren



face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 691, ÝÑÒß 3, 100; VEWT 285; Ëåêñèêà 124. Sometimes explained as derived from ko"bu"r- 'to foam' (see VEWT ibid.); this seems a folk etymology, but may explain the irregular -b- in some of the forms.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ar/uface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"orface="Times New Roman Star"èëèface="Times New Roman Star"azu (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"azu (MK)














face="Times New Roman Star"azy










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 280.
face="Times New Roman Star"*otagface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 tent 2 roomface="Times New Roman Star"1øàëàø 2 êîìíàòà
face="Times New Roman Star"otag| (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"otak 1, oda 2
face="Times New Roman Star"oda (Pav. C.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"o.to|w 1face="Times New Roman Star"otaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"otag|, otax 1face="Times New Roman Star"otaG 2face="Times New Roman Star"otaG 2face="Times New Roman Star"otax 1face="Times New Roman Star"odag| 1face="Times New Roman Star"odu: 1

face="Times New Roman Star"otu: 1
face="Times New Roman Star"odag| 1
face="Times New Roman Star"oto: 1face="Times New Roman Star"otaw 1face="Times New Roman Star"otaw 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otow 2face="Times New Roman Star"oda 1face="Times New Roman Star"oda 2face="Times New Roman Star"otaw 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otaw 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 46, VEWT 366, ÝÑÒß 1, 484-487, TMN 2, 66-67, Ëåêñèêà 496. Turk. > Mong. otaq (see TMN 2, 67, Ùåðáàê 1997, 130). Some forms (like Tur. oda) suggest *o:tag - a secondary form, probably originally meaning "hearth" and derived from *o:t 'fire' and easily confused with *otag 'tent, dwelling place'. The latter, however, is very well attested (often in the shape *otagu) and certainly containing a short vowel.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ek-l/c?i-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 sour, acid, bitter 2 to be sour, bitterface="Times New Roman Star"1 êèñëûé, ãîðüêèé 2 áûòü êèñëûì, ãîðüêèì
face="Times New Roman Star"eks?ig (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"eks?i 1, eks?i- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"eks?i 1, eks?i- 2 (Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"a"ks?i 1face="Times New Roman Star"egs?it- 2



face="Times New Roman Star"j@ksu" ( < *j@ks/u") 1








face="Times New Roman Star"i:s?i 1, i:s?i- 2face="Times New Roman Star"eks?i 1, eks?i- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 118, ÝÑÒß 1, 259-260, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 199.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kasyrkuface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"whirlwindface="Times New Roman Star"âèõðü
face="Times New Roman Star"qasyrqu (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kasyrg|a
face="Times New Roman Star"(MKypch.) qasyrqa (Houts.), qasurg|a (AH)


face="Times New Roman Star"Gasyrg|a




face="Times New Roman Star"kozúrga

face="Times New Roman Star"qazyrg|yface="Times New Roman Star"qa'syrg|y









face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 240, ÝÑÒß 5, 332, Ëåêñèêà 43, Àøì. VII, 20. Chuvash has an irregular form with initial k- (*x- would be expected). But it can hardly be a borrowing from Volga-Kypchak languages.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAlkaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"hammerface="Times New Roman Star"ìîëîòîê


face="Times New Roman Star"balg|a (Sib.)
face="Times New Roman Star"balg|a (Chag.)












face="Times New Roman Star"balg|a








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 61, ÝÑÒß 2, 57-58. Turk. > Mong. balg|u, balig (KW 31).
face="Times New Roman Star"*u"ju"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 quicksand 2 to sinkface="Times New Roman Star"1 çûáó÷èé ïåñîê 2 òîíóòü, ïîãðóæàòüñÿ
face="Times New Roman Star"u"ju"k (MK, KB) 1, u"ju"k- (MK) 2

face="Times New Roman Star"(Xwar.) u"ju"k 'dregs in wine' (Qutb)



face="Times New Roman Star"u"jk 'slush'


















face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 271, 272.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ilmeface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 asp-tree 2 elm-treeface="Times New Roman Star"1 îñèíà 2 èëüì, âÿç


face="Times New Roman Star"elma" 2









face="Times New Roman Star"j@w|lme 2





face="Times New Roman Star"elmen 1
face="Times New Roman Star"elme 1



face="Times New Roman Star"elme 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 338, Åãîðîâ 78, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 194, Äìèòðèåâà 189, Ëåêñèêà 126. The word is attested late (like many tree names), but borrowing from Russ. èëüì is hardly possible; the Russian word, usually considered a Germanism (MHG ilme etc.), may equally well be explained as a Turkism (see Åãîðîâ ibid.). The resemblance of PT *ilme and PIE *l&mo- / *olmo- is interesting, but probably accidental (if the Turkic word indeed goes back to PA *p`i_ule).
face="Times New Roman Star"*o"n|iface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"otherface="Times New Roman Star"äðóãîéface="Times New Roman Star"o"n|i (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|i (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|ga" (dial.)




face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|n|e 'the rest'








face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|go"face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|geface="Times New Roman Star"o"n|ge


face="Times New Roman Star"o"n|ge, on|gaface="Times New Roman Star"o"n|ge
face="Times New Roman Star"on|ge (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 170-171, ÝÑÒß 1, 537-538, VEWT 372 ( > Kalm. o"n|ge|:n, KW 297).
face="Times New Roman Star"*urukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 rope 2 lassoface="Times New Roman Star"1 âåðåâêà, áå÷åâà, êàíàò 2 àðêàíface="Times New Roman Star"uruq (OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"uruq (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"urg|an, urgan 1
face="Times New Roman Star"org|an (AH) 1

face="Times New Roman Star"uruq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"urGan 1face="Times New Roman Star"urux 2face="Times New Roman Star"uruq 2face="Times New Roman Star"uruq 2



face="Times New Roman Star"uruq 2





face="Times New Roman Star"urg|an 2
face="Times New Roman Star"urqan 1face="Times New Roman Star"urx|an, orx|an 1
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 215, VEWT 516, ÝÑÒß 1, 585 (confused with *ukruk), 602-603. Some modern forms reflect a secondary derivative *urkan.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ern|ekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"finger, thumbface="Times New Roman Star"ïàëåö, áîëüøîé ïàëåöface="Times New Roman Star"ern|ek (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ern|ek, dial. ernek (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"ernek (Pav. C.)




face="Times New Roman Star"irgek
face="Times New Roman Star"ergek

face="Times New Roman Star"erbexface="Times New Roman Star"erbek 'peg'face="Times New Roman Star"ergek










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 234, ÝÑÒß 1, 299, Ëåêñèêà 253-255, Stachowski 47.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bugu, -raface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 deer (male) 2 camel stallionface="Times New Roman Star"1 îëåíü 2 ñàìåö âåðáëþäàface="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1 (13th c.), bug|ura 2 (Orkh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ra 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ur 2, dial. bug|u 1
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1, bug|ra, bug|ur 2 (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1, (dial.) bug|ra, bog|ra 2face="Times New Roman Star"pyrg|a 2face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ur 2face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ra 2

face="Times New Roman Star"bura 2

face="Times New Roman Star"bu:r 'male reindeer, male'face="Times New Roman Star"bu:r 'male reindeer'face="Times New Roman Star"bu:ra 2, bu:r 'male elk'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu:ra 2face="Times New Roman Star"bura 2face="Times New Roman Star"bora 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu: 1

face="Times New Roman Star"buwra 2

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 317-318, ÝÑÒß 2, 235-238, Ëåêñèêà 152, Ëåêñèêà 446-447, Stachowski 67. Turk. bugura > Mong. bug|ura (see TMN 2, 296, Ùåðáàê 1997, 110). Ùåðáàê 1997, 201 considers Turkic *bugu to be borrowed from Mongolian bug|u 'male deer' (which may be true for some Kypchak forms: Kirgh. bug|u, Kaz. bu>g|y, Nogh., KKalp. bug|y), but in fact one can also think of a loan in the opposite direction: Turk. > Mong. bug|u (KW 58, MGCD 166), further > Evk. bug|u etc., see Doerfer MT 78. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bura/ 'female camel'; Mong. (Bur.) bu:ra > Russ. Siber. bu/ra id., see Àíèêèí 142.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAlbalface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"a stone pillar erected on a graveface="Times New Roman Star"êàìåííàÿ êîëîííà íà ìîãèëå, èñòóêàíface="Times New Roman Star"balbal (Orkh., Yen.)



























face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 333. Borrowed (possibly from an unattested Bulgar source) in Old Russ. bolvanú, Hung. ba/lva/ny 'stone idol' (suggestion of Melioranski, evidently preferable to the hypothesis of Korsch-Dmitriev < Pers. pahlava:n, see Øèïîâà 84-85, Àíèêèí 114).
face="Times New Roman Star"*s(i)ar-c?aface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"tethering postface="Times New Roman Star"êîíîâÿçü



face="Times New Roman Star"sarc?a (R)




face="Times New Roman Star"sarc?yn (folkl.)





face="Times New Roman Star"sarc?yn (R - Soj.)










face="Times New Roman Star"R 4, 336-337, VEWT 403 (suggesting a derivation from sar-, saru- 'to tie round' - which is also not excluded).
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ubarface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"variegatedface="Times New Roman Star"ïåñòðûé


face="Times New Roman Star"c?uwar














face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:r








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 118-119. Note however that most of the forms listed in VEWT actually reflect PT *c?opur (v. sub *s?op`e/), so the root *c?ubar appears to be very late and local.
face="Times New Roman Star"*syryc?gaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"glass, rock crystalface="Times New Roman Star"ñòåêëî, ãîðíûé õðóñòàëü
face="Times New Roman Star"syryc?g|a (MK), syrync?g|a (KB)face="Times New Roman Star"syrc?a
face="Times New Roman Star"syrc?a (AH, IM), sirc?a" (Pav. C.)



face="Times New Roman Star"syrc?a 'enamel'



face="Times New Roman Star"s?úrz/a 'bead'








face="Times New Roman Star"syrc?a



face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 846, VEWT 419, ÝÑÒß 7.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:b-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to hurry 2 quickface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñïåøèòü 2 áûñòðûéface="Times New Roman Star"evu"k (OUygh.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"ev- (KB) 1, evek 2 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ev- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ev- (MA, IM, Qutb., Houts.)



face="Times New Roman Star"a":v- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ibek 2face="Times New Roman Star"ibek 2

face="Times New Roman Star"avas?- 1; avúk 'moment; quick'













face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 4, 8-9, VEWT 34, Åãîðîâ 19 (Ôåäîòîâ 1, 25-26 - differently).
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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